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Three profit margins, three different stories. Here's what gross, operating and net margin each measure, how they're calculated, and what counts as a healthy figure.

Almost every financial figure you read traces back to SEC EDGAR and the XBRL data tagged inside each filing. Here's how that system works and how to use it yourself.

R&D intensity is research & development spend as a share of revenue. Here's how to calculate it, what counts as high, and which big companies invest most heavily.

The price-to-earnings ratio takes two numbers: the share price and earnings per share. Here's how to pull EPS from a 10-K and turn it into a P/E you can trust.

A plain-English guide to the SEC Form 10-K: what each section contains, where the real numbers live, and how to pull revenue, net income and EPS straight from the source.

Revenue, operating income and net income are three lines of the same income statement. Here's exactly what each one includes, with real examples from SEC filings.